Positive Psychology in the Workplace

Positive Psychology in the Workplace Sandie Tharp University of Charleston English II Nada Najjar March 30th, 2013 Positive Psychology in the Workplace It has been proven that positive psychology in the workplace can improve and enhance workplace satisfaction because employees are more confident and are better able to manage stress and adversity. Employees that are happier with their work environment are typically more motivated and are more likely to pursue growth and development. Job satisfaction is an engine that drives organizations to success and keeps turnover rate to a minimum.An article from Harvard Business Review states that â€Å"a decade of research proves that happiness raises nearly every business and educational outcome: raising sales by 37%, productivity by 31%, and accuracy on tasks by 19%, as well as a myriad of health and quality of life improvements† (2011, Archor). Additionally, the author Archor asks if there is anything that a company can do to affect em ployee happiness and should a company invest resources into happiness. One avenue to happiness is using training as a tool that can be used to help employees to learn to manage stress.The first step is explaining the goal of the organization and how the employee contributes to that goal. Clear goals and expectations set out the mile post marking the marathon, by having clearly marked points of achievement for individuals or teams giving them a clear map to their success. It’s the manager’s responsibility to verify the goals of the team members, identify the common goal, and verify that they are in alignment with the organization goals. The King James Version of the Bible states â€Å"train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he will not depart from it† (Proverbs. 2:6- King James Version). On the job training is the adult equivalent to raising a child. Putting subordinates on the path of success by providing the focus of the organizational ins tead of having the employee assuming or guessing about what to do causing stress and uncertainty. The economics of happiness in the workplace means that happy employees can help achieve organizational goals more easily because they are ready to give their best. Companies like Google and DreamWorks empower employees to use creative freedom in every day decision making.Google was a company that had to come up with a quick plan to reduce the turnover rate of their women employees because the turnover rate was affecting Google’s bottom line. In response, Google implemented a 5 month paid maternity plan, which gave new mothers the ability to take all the time upfront or to divide the time as needed. This new incentive plan reduced turnover by 50 percent among women and cost the firm no more than hiring a new employee. Google’s President Laszlo Bock, states â€Å"that if you factor in the savings in recruitment costs, granting mothers five months of leave doesn’t cos t Google any more money† (2013,Manjool).The new maternity policy that Google has implemented exemplifies why Google has become one of the best employers in the world, taking a major cause of employee turnover from a crippling weakness to a world class strength. Carolinas Healthcare is a system that contains 32 affiliated hospitals in North and South Carolina and is one of the leading healthcare systems in the southeast; Carolinas Healthcare employs over 44,000 employees. Managing such a large number of employees would be a challenge for any organization, but CHS has stepped up to the plate and has met that challenge and is leading the way for positive work environment.During a recent employee survey conducted by Morehead and Associates, CHS ranked in the 90th percentile in the national ranking of employee satisfaction. Carolinas Healthcare System already has a reputation of being â€Å"An Employer of Choice,† recognized by the JD Power and Associates in 2011† (201 2,Tarwater). This recognition has helped attracted top doctors and other medical professionals from all over the world. CHS concentrates on growth and expansion which helps generate excitement throughout the organization. Carolinas HealthCare System ecognizes that the employees are its most valuable asset and is dedicated to the growth and contentment of its employees. CHS recognizes that encouraging employees to continue educational growth will result in higher functioning, more competent workforce. Currently CHS offers an educational plan that reimburses employees for covered educational expenses and flexible scheduling around educational opportunities. Like Google with its maternity benefit, CHS has recognized that employees need and desire a clear path to growth and addresses this need with the educational assistance plan.Many organizations recognize the value of multiple bottom lines beyond monetary profit. Today the focus is on providing an environment based on positive intera ctions, outcomes and sustainability of the workforce. Organizations have come to realize that emotional intelligence and understanding is what allows employees to create positive interactions with customers and co-workers. According to Psych Central â€Å"research has shown that employees who are fully engaged in the work they do, and who have a sense of intrinsic motivation, are likely to perform better and a have better work outcomes† (2011, Wilner).To achieve these outcomes it is up to the organization to involve the employees and allow them to uncover their individual gifts and have the independence to use them for the common goals. Allowing employees to be involved gives them accountability for the success of the organization and a sense of pride, happiness and fulfillment. Positive psychology in the workplace can improve and enhance workplace satisfaction and have a positive impact on the organization’s bottom line. Companies like Google and Carolinas Healthcare understand the importance of a positive work environment.Both have provided pathways to fulfillment, whether through providing enhancement programs or through fostering positive interaction. Firms must continually look for avenues to promote growth, fulfillment and ultimately employee satisfaction if they are continue to improve the bottom line. It has been said that cheaper isn’t better; better is better. Today a better work force is cheaper than a cheap one. By continuing to harvest the fruits of a cohesive team built over time, an organization creates synergies that have a much greater return than the firm invests to create them. References Archor, S. (2011). â€Å"The Happiness Dividend†.Retrieved from http://blogs. hbr. org/cs/2011/06/the_happiness_dividend. html Bible – King James Version (1997). Proverbs 22:6. Hendrickson Publishers: Peabody. MA. Manjool, F. (2013). â€Å"Here's How Google Became Such A Great Place To Work. Retrieved from http://www. huf fingtonpost. com/2013/01/22/working-at-google_n_2526889. html Tarwater, M. (2012). â€Å"Employee Satisfaction†. Retrieved from www. carolinashealthcare. org Wilner, J. (2011). â€Å"5 Ways Positive Psychology can Improve the Workplace†. Retrieved from http://blogs. psychcentral. com/positive-psychology/2011/11/5-ways-positive-psychology-can-improve-the-workplace/

Army. the Military Accountability

The importance of accountability. In the military accountability is very important. Your NCOs need to keep accountability at all times, the need to know where you are going to be so they find you in case you have formations, or something else important comes up. If you are not accounted for and your NCO does not know where you are a lot of things could happen as far as being listed as AWOL. You could get in so much trouble over being in a AWOL status like an article 15 or worse, prison time. Accountability is also very important during deployments. Being deployed is a serious situation. Anything could happen out there. Your NCO must know where you are at all times. It’s a serious issue when someone is not accounted for while deployed. If you come up unaccounted for the company will need all personnel for one hundred percent accountability. If that missing person still doesn’t show. He or she is listed as AWOL and a search occurs. Now, most cases the soldier just didn’t let their NCO know where he or she was. In other cases the soldier was having life issues and couldn’t handle it anymore. When you are found consequences will occur such as an article 15 which includes extra duty, loss of pay and loss of rank. Some people like myself can’t afford for this to happen as most of us have families. Formations are one way to keep accountability. You may have three formations a day. One for the rising of the flag, one before starting your work day and one at the end of the day and lowering of the flag. If you are not there this could happen lited above, or a negative counseling statement. It is also important because it tells the unit commanders how many personnel are available to perform certain tasks. If a leader does not know how many troops are available then he/she will not know who is available to do what. Being accountable means being dependable, arriving to work, and appointments on time, meeting deadlines, being in the right place at the right time, and doing the right things at all times even when no one is looking. Being accountable also includes being in the right uniform, and having all necessary equipment, gear, and documents that you might need for that day in order to accomplish that days mission. The importance of accountability, are being on time and in the right uniform. The main reason we have formations and that we are trying to keep account of personnel to know where everybody is at, at all times. accountability is the most important asset here for work. In doing so it makes sure that everybody is on the same page at the same time in order to do that you have to follow orders that were given to you.

Pemphigus Vulgaris

Pemphigus Vulgaris Pemphigus Vulgaris is an autoimmune disorder in which there is blistering of the skin. The prefix phemphix comes from the greek work meaning â€Å"bubble†. This disorder affects the epithelial and mucous membranes. Although unlikely, certain medications can cause this disorder. These medications include: blood pressure medications and chelating agents. This autoimmune disease is especially rare and is limited to older adults to the elderly. A way that you can test for it is by performing a Nikolsky test. This test involves rubbing the patient with a cotton swab and if the skin comes off easily, it is positive. To be completely sure about the diagnosis, a skin lesion biopsy can be performed. Symptoms will most likely start with blisters in the mouth or skin. Then these blisters can turn into skin â€Å"lesions†. Lesions are when blisters start to ooze, peel off easily, or drain. The highest likely areas that will be affected are: the mouth, head, back, or stomach. Treatment for Pemphigus Vulgaris may include many different routes. Depending on the severity of the disease, you may need to be hospitalized for treatment. Possible ways to treat this disease include : intravenous solutions that include fluids, electrolytes and proteins, IV feedings in cases where the blisters are predominately on the mouth, numbing agents for the mouth, and some antibiotics may be able to work for this disease. This disease can be deadly if you don’t seek treatment. Even if you do seek treatment, the side effects of these treatments can also be very harsh. Since treatment focuses on the symptoms, this disease is still chronic with treatment. Works Cited â€Å"Pemphigus Vulgaris: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. † National Library of Medicine – National Institutes of Health. Web. 12 Oct. 2010. . â€Å"Pemphigus Vulgaris: EMedicine Dermatology. † EMedicine – Medical Reference. Web. 12 Oct. 2010. .

To assess the learner's critical engagement with the history and Assignment

To assess the learner's critical engagement with the history and theory of the documentary and non-fiction film form.--please - Assignment Example In 1929, John Grierson, termed as the documentary film movement's utmost champion, put into use his personal film portrait of North Sea fishing with the aim of convincing the government of British to inaugurate a filmmaking unit that will be positioned within the Empire Marketing Board. It is key to state that with Grierson precedence over an institutional foundation for documentary film production speared the documentary film practice into maturity (Sklar, 2002). Evaluation Documentary filmmaking has industrialized progressively over time. It is worth stating that three main turning points can be identified in the development of documentary film making. First, substantial changes took place in the 1960s, followed by the late 1980s and finally since the year 2000. The novel turning point can be highlighted to be the period when filmmakers declined to film simply chronicles and newsreels. It is worth highlighting that documentary filmmakers underwent harsh times as the film in ancient times were faithfully linked to the wishes of the government. However, regardless of this fact, a new generation of filmmakers germinated in the 1960s with an altered opinion on how documentary films ought to be. Therefore, this made the primary turning point for the development of documentary filmmaking. ... With the conceptual boundaries gone (as a result of worldwide independence), the possibility of acquaintance with other documentary film makers pegged with the availability of other documentaries resulted into exchange of ideas. The third turning point was noted to be the years subsequent to the new millennium (Ellis, 1979). This is for the reason that new generation of filmmakers appeared that were noted to be more daring and highly experimenting. Vitols writes that â€Å"the blossoming of a new film culture was also due to the advent of television which fundamentally altered the role of documentaries in society. Previously, documentaries functioned much like the radio and the press, offering audiences ‘objective’ information, striving to efface any traces of a subjective authorship. The arrival of television effectively transferred this task of ‘objective’ information communication to television broadcasting, largely due to the new medium’s cost-ef fectiveness and rapid dissemination. This freed documentary filmmakers to portray their subjects in depth in a more complex manner† (Vitols, 2008: 14–15). When relating documentary cinema in the era of 1960–70s, one has the possibility to find numerous similarities and differences. Referring to Kleckins, the western world upsurge in documentary film occurred principally as a result to the technical advances such as lightweight cameras and novel sound equipment. On the contrary, some other countries such as the Baltic States owe their upsurge in the documentary film industry predominantly to the new generation that joined the industry. This is because their technical resources failed to change for a given period of time (Hepple and Taylor, 1980). The thematic progress that

Evidence, Proof, Argument AND Criminal Law Speech or Presentation

Evidence, Proof, Argument AND Criminal Law - Speech or Presentation Example In the case, your honor, the defendant confronted the victim for raping his girlfriend. The defendant stabbed the victim and he died. He was convicted of murder, but later appealed on the defense of loss of control. The defendant’s appeal was dismissed on the grounds that he was aware of what he was doing. It was established in the ruling that loss of temper cannot be confused with loss of control. Loss of control is defence only where the mind is not in control of the body. The defendant in the case before us today was aware of what was going on around him during the attack If it pleases your Honour, I would go through the qualifying triggers under section 55 (3) (4) of the Act in relation to the case at hand, to demonstrate why loss of control should be withdrawn. The defendant did not express any serious fear towards the victim either by words or actions. The victim was merely acting in defense of his friend, knowing a little more than what he saw after being woken up. Instead of fighting back, was it possible for the defendant to surrender? In the case of R v Martin (Anthony) [2002] WRL1; [2002] CAR 27 Crim LR 136; the defendant shot a burglar (the victim) and argued that it was out of self defence. The defence was not available because the level of force used was more than reasonable. The defendant was convicted of murder. In his witness, Detective Sergeant Philip Dennis said that the defendant was examined and it was found that the damage was not too severe and he was fit to be detained and interviewed. This shows that the victim attack did not threaten the life of the defendant and it was unreasonable to stab him. In the tape recording of the interview, the defendant expressed no remorse that the victim was dead. Was the defendant in this case your honour seriously wronged by the victim’s words and actions leading him to act out of character? I believe not. The defendant’s behaviour provoked

The Adoption of Integration of Information and Communication Essay

The Adoption of Integration of Information and Communication Technologies by Sainsburys - Essay Example Notably, the various reasons for executing the ICT by the business organisations include diminishing the transaction costs and ultimately raise the productivity and delivers instant connectivity which thereby improves the accuracy and transparency of the business organisations. Furthermore, the other valuable reasons also include enlarging the geographical scope of the potential markets for the business organisations, adequately accessing different products and commodities and ultimately raising the profitability of the business organisations (Picot & et. al., 2008). In this paper, the business organisation, i.e. Sainsbury’s, has been taken into concern. The main objective of this paper is to discuss regarding the self-service checkout which has been implemented by Sainsbury’s. The main reason behind this phenomenon has been related to attaining competitive advantage and it might also have been the case that they must have evaluated the previous processes and re-created it in order to attain success for the organisation. In addition, adequate execution of ICT that enhances the shopping process of Sainsbury’s and few concluding lines will also be portrayed in the discussion. The Chosen Organisation Sainsbury’s is regarded as one of the oldest retailers which was founded in London as its home city, in the year 1869. It is recognised as the third largest chain of supermarket prevailing in United Kingdom. Currently, it acquires a considerable market share of 16.5% in the global retail market. The company delivers broad variety of quality food commodities. In this regard, the vision of Sainsbury is to promote healthy consumptions along with... This essay stresses that the practical application of ICT has been apparently increasing in the current day phenomenon. It has also been recognised that most of the business organisations execute different types of technological equipments ensuring that those might raise as well as enhance the competitive position of the company in the long term. Similarly, in this context, Sainsbury’s which is one of the oldest and foremost retailing companies prevailing in the UK tends to execute ICTs such as self-serviced counters while operating the business functions. This paper makes a conclusion that the adequate implementation of the above discussed ICTs eventually raised the competitive advantage along with greater improvement in the business process of Sainsbury’s. Moreover, an innovative conception in relation to ICT has been prescribed for Sainsbury’s that would considerably enhance its business processes along with attaining competitive benefit over its competitors. Thus, it can be stated that Sainsbury’s can attain superior position in this competitive world along with sustaining its productivity through the execution of different types of ICT equipments to a significant extent. The company i.e. Sainsbury’s might enhance its working efficiencies through the application of improved self-service checkouts involving innovative technological equipments that ultimately would accelerate the efficiencies of the business procedural functions by a considerable level.

Case Study Analysis Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case Study Analysis - Annotated Bibliography Example He also argues about the issue of organization and how it affects public administration. In this book, Bekkers et al (2006) tried to look at the problem of innovation and how it relates to public administration. The authors look at the process of innovation in the context of IT. They relate this to the use of IT in the public administration and how the technology can be used to create collaboration between the public and government. This book was important in this study with regard to understand the issue of technology and how it could be used to enhance public services. Denhardt (2011) looks at public administration departments as an organization and then tries to apply the theory of organizational learning. What he is trying to identify is if the government departments can acquire a learning model. The author also looks at the various models that can be used for public administration. The author looks at some of the most effective ones, especially in light of organizational learning. This book was very useful in this study because it provides a new dimension of organizational learning to the debate of effective public administration. Fang (2002) looks at the issue of government and how technology has assisted in the delivery of services by the government. Ho looks at both the upside and the downside of things with regard to IT technology in delivery of public services. This journal article is especially important as a source of information on how the challenges of using technology in the implementation of public administration. Garson (1999) tackles the issue of information technology in the context of public administration in the following regard. One, he tackles the issue of contemporary technology in public administration. More importantly, the book discusses the issue of information privacy with regard to the use of electronic service delivery. This is important in understanding how IT relates to public administration and many challenges

Conflict Resolution Interviews, Field Experience Activity, the Three C Essay

Conflict Resolution Interviews, Field Experience Activity, the Three Cs of Conflict Resolution - Essay Example Conflicting parties capitalize on others deficiencies as well as intensifying painful emotions. Conflicts could also satisfy the psychological needs of those indirectly involved. Fix solutions to these conflicts comprise of considering the consequences, which helps in avoidance of negative outcomes thereby solving the conflict. In addition, dialogue, mediation and negotiation could be employed in resolving conflicts between personnel (Morrill 245-256). The principal’s role in dealing with conflicts entails an integrative and collaborative process as well as the discipline of decision making as elements of strategic leadership. These aspects of leadership enable the principal to adopt, define, and understand shared managerial purposes, goals, and priorities based on the vision and identity of the human resource personnel. The principal’s role in conflict resolution, therefore, encompasses elements of human values, information, responsibility and responsiveness, organizational culture as well as conceptual and integrative thinking. The principal’s key responsibility revolves around his ability to communicate effectively with stakeholders, faculty, and students. Communication strategies have offered numerous opportunities for non-campus or central office based interns’ improvement plans. The principal could influence interns’ through their relationships, credibility, expertise, and knowledge. In addition, the principal could generate new realities for interns concerning the campus activities and its organization. Communication strategies also enable the principal to understand and use appropriate tactics in dealing with interns in writing and orally. Communication systems take into account other people’s points of views as well as acknowledging the different perspectives of both the principal and the stakeholders in providing their contributions.  Ã‚  

The Vietnam War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Vietnam War - Essay Example In their attempt to prevent Vietnam from being a Communist country, the United States opted to help France in defeating Vietnam and its revolutionaries. US, therefore, sent military aid to the French in 1950. US troop’s quantity continued increasing over time until April 1969, when they reached a climax of 5434000. There were a total of 2.7 million Americans serving in South Vietnam. 58000 of them died or went missing, while 300000 others were wounded. It has been documented that the American government spent over 140 billion dollars on this war. Despite this gigantic military effort by the US, its objectives were not achieved by the end of the war. That failure has led, to date, searching answers to why the war was actually fought, and whether better military and diplomatic outcome was possible for America (Lawrence 129). After suffering a significant defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, French decided to leave Vietnam. A number of countries met at the 1954 Geneva Conference in t heir effort to determine how French would have withdrawn from Vietnam peacefully. From the conference, came an agreement that has been referred to as the Geneva Accords. It stipulated a composed extraction of French forces and a momentary splitting up of Vietnam across the 17th parallel (Wiest 23). This 17th parallel ended up splitting Vietnam into non-communist South Vietnam and communist North Vietnam. In addition to this, the conference agreed that a general independent election would be held in 1956 in order to bring back together the nation under a single government. Fearing that the communists would win during the election, the United States was against the election. South Vietnam, with the help of America, carried out the election within South Vietnam, rather than the entire country. Ngo...As the war between the South Vietnamese and the Viet Cong progressed, the United States, on the other hand, sent more guides to South Vietnam. On August 2nd, 1964 the North Vietnamese fired straight on two American vessels in global waters. This firing has been known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. The Congress acted in response with what has been referred to as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. US president, President Johnson’s intention for the US taking part in the Vietnam War was not for America to prevail in the war, but for the US to reinforce South Vietnam’s defenses so that South Vietnam would take over leadership. Critics have argued that by getting involved in the Vietnam War without a goal to come first, President Johnson set a weak foundation for later open and military troop disappointments for America. This is one of the greatest impacts that the Vietnam War had on the Cold War, as far as American’s success was concerned. The Vietnam War was a turning point for the Cold War, as Americans realized that their military troops were not comparable to others in strength and not able to win in any war. They needed better modus operandi and org anization. Between 1965 and 1969, the Americans were majorly involved in a restricted war in Vietnam. Even though aerial bombing was still present at the North, President Johnson intended the fighting to be limited only to the South. This limitation ensured that the United States troops would not perform severe ground physical attacks at the North to directly attack the communists.

Perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly Essay - 1

Perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly - Essay Example Thirdly, an oligopoly comprises of few firms. When these firms merge, they reduce output to allow them raise their profits as in the case of a monopoly. In doing so, they produce output that creates incentives for cheating in the case of collusive agreements, ending up competing with each other. Fourthly, a monopolistic competition entails many firms competing against each other, each producing a slightly different product. This paper will depict the traits of different types of market, their differences, similarities, and economic efficiency of outcomes under perfect competition and monopoly. The major traits of perfect competition include prevalence of many small firms, all organizations selling identical products, free entry and exit to the market, and perfect knowledge regarding the prices and technology in the market. These traits mean that it is not possible for a firm to exercise any form of control in the market. Since the large number of firms sell identical products, a broad range of perfect substitutes prevail based on the output of a given organization. As such, the demand curve for the firms in a perfectly competitive market is perfectly elastic (Dransfield, 2013). Since firms are free to enter the market, this means that resources such as capital are perfectly mobile. As such, it is not possible to impose barriers of entry into the market. With regard to the issue of perfect knowledge, it is true that organizations operate in a similar environment. As such, consumers are aware of the perfect substitutes prevalent in the market for a certain good, especially since firms produce matching products (Stackelberg, 2010). In a perfect competition market, the industry and market forces determine the prices and output. The price is set by the market forcing firms to adjust their prices based on equilibrium position of firms as shown by the figures below. In the first figure, the demand and supply curves interest at point E.

First-order logic Essay Example for Free

First-order logic Essay 1. (Philosophy) the academic discipline concerned with making explicit the nature and significance of ordinary and scientific beliefs and investigating the intelligibility of concepts by means of rational argument concerning their presuppositions, implications, and interrelationships; in particular, the rational investigation of the nature and structure of reality (metaphysics), the resources and limits of knowledge (epistemology), the principles and import of moral judgment (ethics), and the relationship between language and reality (semantics) 2. (Philosophy) the particular doctrines relating to these issues of some specific individual or school the philosophy of Descartes 3. (Philosophy) the critical study of the basic principles and concepts of a discipline the philosophy of law 4. (Literary Literary Critical Terms) Archaic or literary the investigation of natural phenomena, esp alchemy, astrology, and astronomy 5. any system of belief, values, or tenets 6. a personal outlook or viewpoint 7. serenity of temper phi†¢los†¢o†¢phy (f l? s ? fi) n. , pl. -phies. 1. the rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct. 2. a system of philosophical doctrine: the philosophy of Spinoza. 3. the critical study of the basic principles and concepts of a particular branch of knowledge: the philosophy of science. 4. a system of principles for guidance in practical affairs: a philosophy of life. 5. a calm or philosophical attitude. Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason,mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. [3] In more casual speech, by extension, philosophy can refer to the most basic beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an individual or group. The word philosophy comes from the Ancient Greek (philosophia), which literally means love of wisdom. [5][6][7] The introduction of the terms philosopher and philosophy has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras. [8] https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Philosophy http://www. thefreedictionary. com/philosophy Branches of Philosophy Main branches of philosophy Traditionally, there are five main branches of philosophy. They are: †¢ Metaphysics, which deals with the fundamental questions of reality. †¢ Epistemology, which deals with our concept of knowledge, how we learn and what we can know. †¢ Logic, which studies the rules of valid reasoning and argumentation †¢ Ethics, or moral philosophy, which is concerned with human values and how individuals should act. †¢ Aesthetics or esthetics, which deals with the notion of beauty and the philosophy of art. http://www. philosophy-index. com/philosophy/branches/ Aesthetics Aesthetics is the area of philosophy which covers the concepts of beauty and art. â€Å"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder† There are two basic standings on the nature of beauty: objective and subjective judgement. Subjective judgement of beauty suggests that beauty is not the same to everyone — that which aesthetically pleases the observer is beautiful (to the observer). Alternatively, those partial to the objective description of beauty try to measaure it. They suggest that certain properties of an object create an inherent beauty — such as symmetry and balance. Both Plato and Aristotlesupported the objective judgement. Some, such as Immanuel Kant, took a middle path, holding that beauty is of a subjective nature, but there are qualities of beauty which have universal validity. Classical and Modern Aesthetics The classical concepts behind aesthetics saw beauty in nature, and that art should mimic those qualities found in nature. AristotlesPoetics describes this idea, which he develops from Platos teachings. Modern aesthetic ideas, including those of Kant, stress the creative and symbolic side of art — that nature does not always have to guide art for it to be beautiful. Epistemology Epistemology is the area of philosophy that is concerned with knowledge. The main concerns of epistemology are the definition of knowledge, the sources of knowledge (innate ideas, experience, etc. ), the process of acquiring knowledge and the limits of knowledge. Epistemology considers that knowledge can be obtained throughexperience and/or reason. Defining Knowledge A primary concern of epistemology is the very definition of knowledge itself. The traditional definition, since Plato, is that knowledge is justified true belief, but recent evaluations of the concept have shown supposed counterexamples to this definition. In order to fully explore the nature of knowledge and how we come to know things, the various conceptions of what knowledge is must first be understood. Definition of knowledge Sources of Knowledge The sources of knowledge must also be considered. Perception, reason, memory, testimony, introspection and innate ideas are all supposed sources of knowledge. Scepticism There also seems to be reason to doubt each of these sources of knowledge. Could it be that all knowledge is fallible? If that is the case, do we really know anything? This is the central question to the problem of scepticism. Ethics Ethics or moral philosophy is the branch of philosophy concerned with human conduct and its moral value. There are generally three branches of ethics: †¢ Meta-ethics, which is concerned with questions about what whether or not morality exists, and what it consists of if it does; †¢ Normative ethics, which is concerned with how moral values should be developed; and †¢ Applied ethics, which deals with how moral values can be applied to specific cases. Logic Logic is the systematic process of valid reasoning through inference — deriving conclusions from information that is known to be true. It is the area of philosophy that is concerned with the laws of valid reasoning. Symbolic Logic Symbolic logic is the method of representing logical expressions through the use of symbols and variables, rather than in ordinary language. This has the benefit of removing the ambiguity that normally accompanies ordinary languages, such as English, and allows easier operation. There are many systems of symbolic logic, such as classical propositional logic, first-order logic and modal logic. Each may have seperate symbols, or exclude the use of certain symbols. Logical Symbols The following table presents several logical symbols, their name and meaning, and any relevant notes. The name of the symbol (under â€Å"meaning† links to a page explaining the symbol or term and its use). Note that different symbols have been used by different logicians and systems of logic. For the sake of clarity, this site consistently uses the symbols in the left column, while the â€Å"Notes† column may indicate other commonly-used symbols. |Symbol |Meaning |Notes | |Operators (Connectives) | | ¬ |negation (NOT) |The tilde ( ? ) is also often used. | |?|conjunction (AND) |The ampersand ( ) or dot (  · ) are also often used. | |? |disjunction (OR) | This is the inclusive disjunction, equivalent to and/or in English. | |? |exclusive disjunction (XOR) |? means that only one of the connected propositions is true, equivalent to either†¦or. Sometimes ? is | | | |used. | || |alternative denial(NAND) |Means â€Å"not both†. Sometimes written as ^ | |v |joint denial (NOR) |Means â€Å"neither/nor†. | | |conditional(if/then) |Many logicians use the symbol? instead. This is also known as material implication. | |- |biconditional (iff) |Means â€Å"if and only if† ? is sometimes used, but this site reserves that symbol for equivalence. | |Quantifiers | |? |universal quantifier |Means â€Å"for all†, so ? xPx means that Px is true for every x. | |? |existential quantifier |Means â€Å"there exists†, so ? xPxmeans that Px is true for at least one x. | |Relations | |? |implication |? ? ? means that ? follows from? | |? |equivalence |Also ?. Equivalence is two-way implication, so ? ? ? means? [pic] ? and ? [pic] ?. | |? |provability |Shows provable inference. ? [pic] ? means that from ? we can prove that ?. | |? |therefore |Used to signify the conclusion of an argument. Usually taken to mean implication, but often used to | | | |present arguments in which the premises do not deductively imply the conclusion. | |? |forces |A relationship between possible worlds and sentences in modal logic. | |Truth-Values | |? |tautology |May be used to replace any tautologous (always true) formula. | |? |contradiction |May be used to replace any contradictory (always false) formula. Sometimes â€Å"F† is used. | |Parentheses | |( ) |parentheses |Used to group expressions to show precedence of operations. Square brackets [ ] are sometimes used to | | | |clarify groupings. | |Set Theory | |?. |membership |Denotes membership in a set. Ifa ? ?, then a is a member (or an element) of set ?. | |? |union |Used to join sets. If S and T are sets of formula, S ? T is a set containing all members of both. | |? |intersection |The overlap between sets. If S and T are sets of formula, S ? Tis a set containing those elemenets that | | | |are members of both. | |? |subset |A subset is a set containing some or all elements of another set. | |? |proper subset |A proper subset contains some, but not all, elements of another set. | |= |set equality |Two sets are equal if they contain exactly the same elements. | |? |absolute complement |? (S) is the set of all things that are not in the set S. Sometimes written as C(S), S or SC. | |- |relative complement |T S is the set of all elements in T that are not also in S. Sometimes written as T \ S. | |? |empty set |The set containing no elements. | |Modalities | |? |necessarily |Used only in modal logic systems. Sometimes expressed as [] where the symbol is unavailable. | |? |possibly |Used only in modal logic systems. Sometimes expressed as where the symbol is unavailable. | Propositions, Variables and Non-Logical Symbols. The use of variables in logic varies depending on the system and the author of the logic being presented. However, some common uses have emerged. For the sake of clarity, this site will use the system defined below. |Symbol |Meaning |Notes | |A, B, C †¦ Z |propositions |Uppercase Roman letters signify individual propositions. For example, P may symbolize the proposition â€Å"Pat is | | | |ridiculous†. P and Q are traditionally used in most examples. | |? , ? , ? †¦ ? |formulae |Lowercase Greek letters signify formulae, which may be themselves a proposition (P), a formula (P ?Q) or several | | | |connected formulae (? ? ? ). | |x, y, z |variables | Lowercase Roman letters towards the end of the alphabet are used to signify variables. In logical systems, these | | | |are usually coupled with a quantifier, ? or ? , in order to signify some or all of some unspecified subject or | | | |object. By convention, these begin with x, but any other letter may be used if needed, so long as they are defined | | | |as a variable by a quantifier. | |a, b, c, †¦ z |constants |Lowercase Roman letters, when not assigned by a quantifier, signifiy a constant, usually a proper noun. For | | | |instance, the letter â€Å"j† may be used to signify â€Å"Jerry†. Constants are given a meaning before they are used in | | | |logical expressions. | |Ax, Bx †¦ Zx |predicate symbols |Uppercase Roman letters appear again to indicate predicate relationships between variables and/or constants, | | | |coupled with one or more variable places which may be filled by variables or constants. For instance, we may | | | |definite the relation â€Å"x is green† as Gx, and â€Å"x likes y† as Lxy. To differentiate them from propositions, they are| | | |often presented in italics, so while P may be a proposition, Px is a predicate relation for x. Predicate symbols | | | |are non-logical — they describe relations but have neither operational function nor truth value in themselves. | |? , ? , †¦ ? |sets of formulae |Uppercase Greek letters are used, by convention, to refer to sets of formulae. ? is usually used to represent the | | | |first site, since it is the first that does not look like Roman letters. (For instance, the uppercase Alpha (? ) | | | |looks identical to the Roman letter â€Å"A†) | |? , ? , †¦ ? |possible worlds |In modal logic, uppercase greek letters are also used to represent possible worlds. Alternatively, an uppercase W | | | |with a subscript numeral is sometimes used, representing worlds as W0, W1, and so on. | |{ } |sets |Curly brackets are generally used when detailing the contents of a set, such as a set of formulae, or a set of | | | |possible worlds in modal logic. For instance, ? = { ? , ? , ? , ? } | Systems of Logic A system of logic, also known as a logical calculus, or simply a logic, is a method by which to express and evaluate information in a logical manner. Formal Language and Rules of Inference Logical systems consist of a formal language of symbolic logic. This language defines: †¢ A set of symbols to refer to formulae, including propositions and operators. †¢ Grammar, that is rules of well-formation, on how formulae must be expressed. The formal language of a system consists of, on one hand, the syntax of the language, and on the other, a method for expressing semantics within the system. The semantics of a system may be as simple as assigning truth-value to propositions and formulae, or more complicated, using predicate symbols to define non-logical relationships between formulae. Systems also consist of rules of inference, which determine how expressions in the language may be used to draw new, previously unstated conclusions. Common Systems of Logic †¢ Classical Logics, the most common form of logical expression, including: o Aristotelian logic o Propositional logic o First-order logic o Second-order logic o Higher-order logics †¢ Contextual Logics, which deal with non-truth-functionaloperators, and include: o Modal Logic, which deals with modal operators neccessarily and possibly. o Epistemic Logic, which reasons about knowledge o Doxastic Logic, which reasons about belief. o Deontic Logic, which reasons about ethical obligation and permissibility o Temporal Logic, which reasons about propositions over time †¢ Free Logic, which rejects the assumption that the domain is non-empty, that something exists †¢ Fuzzy Logic, which rejects the law of the excluded middle †¢ Intuitionistic Logic, which redefines truth values based on proof †¢ Paraconsistent Logic, which allows contradictions without entailment of any other formulae †¢ Relevance Logic, which requires a stronger link of relevance between premises and conclusion Metaphysics Metaphysics is the area of philosophy which deals with the ultimate nature of reality. Metaphysics can emcompass large areas of philosophy, and most other philosophical schools turn back to it for basic definition. In that respect, the term metaphysics is a broad one, encompassing the philosophical ideas of cosmology and ontology. Metaphysics or First Philosophy The term â€Å"metaphysics† comes from Greek, meaning â€Å"after the Physics†. Although the term metaphysics generally makes sense in the way that it partially refers to things outisde of and beyond the natural sciences, this is not the origin of the term (as opposted to, say, meta-ethics, which refers to the nature of ethics itself). Instead, the term was used by later editors of Aristotle. Aristotle had written several books on matter and physics, and followed those volumes with work on ontology, and other broad subjects. These editors referred to them as â€Å"the books that came after the books on physics† or â€Å"metaphysics†. Aristotle himself refers to metaphysics as â€Å"first philosophy†. This term was also used by some later philosophers, such as Descartes, whose primary work on the subject of metaphysics is calledMeditations on First Philosophy. Branches of Metaphysics The main branches of metaphysics are: †¢ Ontology †¢ Cosmology Ontology is a branch of metaphysics which studies being. Ontology is concerned with the ultimate nature of being, and of all reality in general. The process of studying ontology generally consists of describing being as well as determining how reality may be organized and categorized, and how different types of beings relate to one another. The term â€Å"an ontology† refers to the things counted as being in a metaphysical system. Generally, an ontology is a list of things that exist — the â€Å"furniture of the universe† as it is sometimes put. Differences in ontology among philosophers generally deal with whether or not there are non-physical entities, and whether those things can be counted as being, existing, both or neither. Examples of candidates for ontological status as non-physical being include the mind, mathematical objects and universals. Ontologists Philosophers who do work on ontology are referred to asontologists. The following are some of the prominent ontologists discussed on this site: †¢ Aristotle †¢ Saint Anselm †¢ Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel †¢ Martin Heidegger. †¢ Immanuel Kant †¢ Plato †¢ W. V. O. Quine †¢ Jean-Paul Sartre †¢ Baruch Spinoza Cosmology Cosmology is the area of metaphysics and science that studies the origin, evolution and nature of the universe. Cosmology is concerned with the contents and astrophysical phenomena of space and time, as well as their origin and progression. Although cosmology is most often concerned with physics and astronomy in the scientific world, it directly relates to a number of philosophical and theological views. The scientific theories related to . While ontology studies the nature of being and reality itself, cosmology is the study of those things that are in reality, and how they, and perhaps reality, came to be. Divisions of Philosophy Abstract: Philosophy, philosophical inquiry, and the main branches of philosophy are characterized. 1. What is Philosophy? 1. The derivation of the word philosophy from the Greek is suggested by the following words and word-fragments. ? philo—love of, affinity for, liking of ? philander—to engage in love affairs frivolously ? philanthropy—love of mankind in general ? philately—postage stamps hobby ? phile—(as in anglophile) one having a love for ? philology—having a liking for words ? sophos—wisdom ? sophist—lit. one who loves knowledge ? sophomore—wise and moros—foolish;i. e. one who thinks he knows many things ? sophisticated—one who is knowledgeable 2. A suggested definition for our beginning study is as follows. Philosophy is the systematic inquiry into the principles and presuppositions of any field of study. ? From a psychological point of view, philosophy is an attitude, an approach, or a calling to answer or to ask, or even to comment upon certain  peculiar problems (i. e. , specifically the kinds of problems usually relegated to the main branches discussed below in Section II). ? There is, perhaps, no one single sense of the word philosophy. Eventually many writers abandon the attempt to define philosophy and, instead, turn to the kinds of things philosophers do. ? What is involved in the study of philosophy involves is described by the London Times in an article dealing with the 20th World Congress of Philosophy: The great virtue of philosophy is that it teaches not what to think, but how to think. It is the study of meaning, of the principles underlying conduct, thought and knowledge. The skills it hones are the ability to analyse, to question orthodoxies and to express things clearly. However arcane some philosophical texts may be †¦ the ability to formulate questions and follow arguments is the essence of education. 1. The Main Branches of Philosophy are divided as to the nature of the questions asked in each area. The integrity of these divisions cannot be rigidly maintained, for one area overlaps into the others. 1. Axiology: the study of value; the investigation of its nature, criteria, and metaphysical status. More often than not, the term value theory is used instead of axiology in contemporary discussions even though the term â€Å"theory of value† is used with respect to the value or price of goods and services in economics. ? Some significant questions in axiology include the following: 1. Nature of value: is value a fulfillment of desire, a pleasure, a preference, a behavioral disposition, or simply a human interest of some kind? 2. Criteria of value: de gustibus non (est) disputandum (i. e. , (â€Å"theres no accounting for tastes†) or do objective standards apply? 3. Status of value: how are values related to (scientific) facts? What ultimate worth, if any, do human values have? ? Axiology is usually divided into two main parts. 1. Ethics: the study of values in human behavior or the study of moral problems: e. g. , (1) the rightness and wrongness of actions, (2) the kinds of things which are good or desirable, and (3) whether actions are blameworthy or praiseworthy. 1. Consider this example analyzed by J.O. Urmson in his well-known essay, Saints and Heroes: We may imagine a squad of soldiers to be practicing the throwing of live hand grenades; a grenade slips from the hand of one of them and rolls on the ground near the squad; one of them sacrifices his life by throwing himself on the grenade and protecting his comrades with his own body. It is quite unreasonable to suppose that such a man must be impelled by the sort of emotion that he might be impelled by if his best friend were in the squad. 2. Did the soldier who threw himself on the grenade do the right thing? If he did not cover the grenade, several soldiers might be injured or be killed. His action probably saved lives; certainly an action which saves lives is a morally correct action. One might even be inclined to conclude that saving lives is a duty. But if this were so, wouldnt each of the soldiers have the moral obligation or duty to save his comrades? Would we thereby expect each of the soldiers to vie for the opportunity to cover the grenade? 1. ?sthetics: the study of value in the arts or the inquiry into feelings, judgments, or standards of beauty and related concepts. Philosophy of art is concerned with judgments of sense, taste, and emotion. 1. E. g. , Is art an intellectual or representational activity? What would the realistic representations in pop art represent? Does art represent sensible objects or ideal objects? 2. Is artistic value objective? Is it merely coincidental that many forms in architecture and painting seem to illustrate mathematical principles? Are there standards of taste? 3. Is there a clear distinction between art and reality? 1. Epistemology: the study of knowledge. In particular, epistemology is the study of the nature, scope, and limits of human knowledge. ? Epistemology investigates the origin, structure, methods, and integrity of knowledge. ? Consider the degree of truth of the statement, The earth is round. Does its truth depend upon the context in which the statement is uttered? For example, this statement can be successively more accurately translated as †¦ 1. The earth is spherical 2. The earth is an oblate spheroid (i. e. , flattened at the poles). 3. But what about the Himalayas and the Marianas Trench? Even if we surveyed exactly the shape of the earth, our process of surveying would alter the surface by the footprints left and the impressions of the survey stakes and instruments. Hence, the exact shape of the earth cannot be known. Every rain shower changes the shape. 4. (Note here as well the implications for skepticism and relativism: simply because we cannot exactly describe the exact shape of the earth, the conclusion does not logically follow that the earth does not have a shape. ) ? Furthermore, consider two well-known problems in epistemology: 1. Russells Five-Minute-World Hypothesis: Suppose the earth were created five minutes ago, complete with memory images, history books, records, etc. , how could we ever know of it? As Russell wrote in The Analysis of Mind, There is no logical impossibility in the hypothesis that the world sprang into being five minutes ago, exactly as it then was, with a population that remembered a wholly unreal past. There is no logically necessary connection between events at different times; therefore nothing that is happening now or will happen in the future can disprove the hypothesis that the world began five minutes ago. For example, an omnipotent God could create the world with all the memories, historical records, and so forth five minutes ago. Any evidence to the contrary would be evidence created by God five minutes ago. (Q. v. , the Omphalos hypothesis. ) 2. Suppose everything in the universe (including all spatial relations) were to expand uniformly a thousand times larger. How could we ever know it? A moments thought reveals that the mass of objects increases by the cube whereas the distance among them increases linearly. Hence, if such an expansion were possible, changes in the measurement of gravity and the speed of light would be evident, if, indeed, life would be possible. 3. Russells Five-Minute-World Hypothesis is a philosophical problem; the impossibility of the objects in the universe expanding is a scientific problem since the latter problem can, in fact, be answered by principles of elementary physics. 1. Ontology or Metaphysics: the study of what is really real. Metaphysics deals with the so-called first principles of the natural order and the ultimate generalizations available to the human intellect. Specifically, ontology seeks to indentify and establish the relationships between the categories, if any, of the types of existent things. ? What kinds of things exist? Do only particular things exist or do general things also exist? How is existence possible? Questions as to identity and change of objects—are you the same person you were as a baby? as of yesterday? as of a moment ago? ? How do ideas exist if they have no size, shape, or color? (My idea of the Empire State Building is quite as small or as large as my idea of a book. I. e., an idea is not extended in space. ) What is space? What is time? ? E. g. , Consider the truths of mathematics: in what manner do geometric figures exist? Are points, lines, or planes real or not? Of what are they made? ? What is spirit? or soul? or matter? space? Are they made up of the same sort of stuff? ? When, if ever, are events necessary? Under what conditions are they possible? 1. Further characteristics of philosophy and examples of philosophical problems are discussed in the next tutorial. http://philosophy. lander. edu/intro/what. shtml.

Changes in Nursing Essay Example for Free

Changes in Nursing Essay Nursing Passed Down Through the Generations Everyone has probably noticed all of the changes in technology in the last fifty years. Now there are cell phones, tablets, home computers, and so much more. All of these devices are often used every day by all kinds of people in all different professions. People use cell phones to call their bosses and other people around the world for business. Some people use computers all day every day for bookkeeping, journaling and various other jobs. Many people in the medical field use computers, cellphones, and so many other kinds of technology every day, especially nurses. Technology is not the only advancement or change in nursing, there has also been changes in medications, uniforms, racial and gender roles, schooling, and other areas. Nurses can take better care of their patients due to the advancements of medicine and technology in the last fifty years. New machines and computers are always invented that help nurses do their job better. According to Charlene Boyle, a retired nurse, in her interview stated while she worked they had to write all of the patients’ information down and papers and information got lost or accidentally thrown away. In her last few years working the hospitals and doctor’s offices started to get computers in all the hospitals and she said it was a huge change. She said that the computers helped keep the information more organized and easier to find (Boyle Interview). In the article by Julie Blanche called Nursing 50 Years Back and Today: How the Nursing Field Has Changed over the Last 50 Years, she says, â€Å"Nurses also benefited from wireless technology, as they were able to bring their laptop computers into the patient rooms so they could perform other functions, such as admissions work, while keeping an eye on the patients† (Blanche 2). Technology did not only help nurses keep track of patient information, machines and other devices were created to help nurses better treat patients with health issues. Technology helps nurses perform jobs faster and with fewer errors. Fifty years ago doctors and nurses started using the ultrasound machines on pregnant women. Now it is typical for all women to get an ultrasound. According to The History of Insulin Pumps by Elliot Bethke, insulin pumps were invented in 1963 and they were so big it was basically a backpack diabetics had to wear around. Now they are small and most people wouldn’t even notice it if someone was wearing one  (Bethke 1). According to Julie Blanche in Nursing 50 Years Back and Today: How the Nursing Field Has Changed over the Last 50 Years, hospitals made an effort to make it easier for nurses to do their jobs well. The hospitals paid for new bedside technology, including an automated medication-administration system and wireless computers. The medication-administration check requires bar codes for medication, nurses and patients, ensuring that nurses will make fewer errors. With a simple scan, nurses learn if the medication matches the patient and the physicians order (Blanche 1) . The advancements in technology helps nurses to keep track of patients’ information as well as allowing them to treat the patients in more effective ways. In order to learn about all of the changing technology, the schooling that nurses were required to take was also changed. There has also been many changes in schooling for a nurse. Charlene Boyle, a retired nurse, stated that by her senior year she was running the floor along with the other seniors in her class. She also said â€Å"I had to go to school for three years with one month off a year. Currently to be a Registered Nurse or RN, you have to go to school for four years with your summers off† (Boyle Interview). In A History of American Nursing: Trends and Eras by Deborah Judd, Kathleen Sitzman, and Megan Davis state until the 1960s, most nurses were diploma nurses, nurses who only had their high school diploma, and their education was provided by a hospital or hospital school, not a college or university. Judd , Sitzman, and Davis also state â€Å"Nursing has debated two questions related to education for almost 50 years. First, what should the entry level of education be for practice as a registered nurse – associate or baccalaureate? Secondly, should all nurses be required to participate in continuing education as a part of active or inactive practice?† (Judd, Davis, and Sitzman 187). The book by Davis, Judd, and Sitzman included a survey asking nurses what level of education they have received. According to the survey, 34% of the nurses interviewed have received their associate’s degree, 31% have their baccalaureates degree, 10% have earned their master’s degree or PhD, 16 % have their associate’s degree and are working towards their baccalaureates degree, and 3% are diploma nurses (Judd, Davis, and Sitzman 190). Just as schooling and technology has been improved so have the uniforms that nurses are required to wear. When someone says the word nurse most people invision a woman in a white suit with a red cross on her hat,  but that is not what modern day nurses w ear. Uniform is another major change in the last 50 years. According to Julie Blanche in Nursing 50 Years Back and Today: How the Nursing Field Has Changed over the Last 50 Years, the nurse’s uniforms 50 years ago were the typical white, starch outfits. â€Å"In the 1960s, nurses still wore dresses and stocking as their uniforms†¦ The uniforms also take a turn in the direction of more fashionable than in the past. Some of the more modern touches include belts and feminine cuffs. Don’t forget the hat that was an essential part of the nurse’s uniform† (Blanche 1). Blanche also explained the modern-day uniforms, â€Å"During the 1990s and today, nursing dresses have been replaced with much more user friendly scrub suits. Scrub suits can be found in a wide variety of colors and styles. Some hospitals have specific scrub suit colors for different types of hospital staff and others allow nurses and other staff to choose colors and styles that appeal to th em.† (Blanche 1). Since the uniform has changed that also means that the places where nurses work must have also evolved. The hospitals, doctor’s offices and wherever else a nurse might work were all changing. The hospitals and offices were getting new technology and better prepared nurses. Along with better prepared nurses comes a higher pay and more complex jobs for the nurses to complete. Charlene Boyle, a retired nurse, stated in her interview that when she was a nurse, the job was definitely a lot simpler than it is now. Now it is more complex. She also talked about her average pay as a nurse. She started out getting $400 to $500 a month but by the time she retired she was getting $40 an hour (Boyle Interview). According to TheRichest website by TheRichest an average wage for a nurse today is about $28 an hour (TheRichest 1). The hours that nurses work have stayed the same. Charlene Boyle continued â€Å"I worked eight hour shifts. Sometimes took a day shift from 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. or night shift from 7 p.m. to 3 a.m. This is what made me start drinking coffee† (Boyle Interview). Changes in technology, schooling, uniforms, hours, and pay are not the only changes in nursing in the last fifty years, there have also been changes in gender and race. The role of a nurse fifty years ago was always a woman’s job. Normally men were the doctors. Charlene Boyle, in her interview recalled â€Å"I had thirty-three people in my class. All of them were women and only one of them was Black all the rest of us were Caucasian† (Boyle). Fifty years ago the Civil Rights Movement was in its  final years and some people were still against African-Americans, which is why it was very uncommon for an African-American to be a nurse. In modern times, men and African Americans are both nurses. Although it is still fairly uncommon to see a male nurse. The change in gender and race are big social changes. There have also been changes in where the role of nurses takes place. According to Judd, Sitzman, and Davis in A History of American Nursing: Trends and Eras nearly a century ago people cared for their family at home. From the beginning of the 20th century until now, hospitals have become part of everyday life. Hospitals have become places where moth ers bear their children, medical specialties achieve perfection, and new inventions were proved. It is also a place where nurses care for those who need to be cured as well as those who need relief from pain or suffering (Judd, Davis, and Sitzman 192). Before there were hospitals, mothers took the role of nurses. They took care of their children as well as they could with homemade remedies and other medical tips they had learned from their mothers. Now there are hospitals and doctor offices where people go in regularly for check-ups, illness, and injuries. We even have an emergency room where people in urgent need of medical attention go for help. Recently they have also come out with Quick Care offices, most are in Hy-Vee’s and patients can run in and it only takes about ten to twenty minutes for the doctors to diagnose the patient’s sickness. Then they prescribe medicine for the patients that they can fill right at the store’s pharmacy. It makes going to the doctor a lot faster and cheaper. The prices for a doctor’s visit have also changed. According to Charlene Boyle, a retired nurse, in her interview she said that in the 1960’s is cost about $5 to go to the doctor and today it can cost anywher e from $100 to $200 for one visit. It seems ridiculous (Boyle). Hospitals have made it easier for people to get treated for diseases and made it easier on parents to keep their children healthy. Although the prices for doctor’s visits went up, now there is insurance. Insurance helps people pay for visits to the hospital and to doctor’s offices. With all the changes in technology and medicine over the last fifty years, nurses have definitely been able to take better care of patients. The nurses are more prepared and they have more advanced technology to help their patients. Nursing is not the only branch in the medical field that has made advancements. Many more medical careers have  made advancements. The medical field as a whole has improved and has become part of everyday life. Works Cited Bethke, Elliot. The History of Insulin Pumps. BIOE 414 Instrumentation Projects. The Board of Trustees at the University of Illinois, College of Engineering, 13 Dec. 2011. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. Blanche, Julie. â€Å"Nursing 50 Years Back and Today: How the Nursing Field Has Changed Over the Last 50 Years.† HeatheCareers Network. HealtheCareers, 2 Nov. 2010. Web. 15 Sept. 2013 Boyle, Charlene. Life as a Nurse. Telephone interview. 28 Sept. 2013. Judd, Deborah M., Kathleen Sitzman, and Megan Davis. A History of American Nursing: Trends and Eras. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2010. Print. TheRichest. Registered Nurse Salary – How Much Does Registered Nurses Make? Celebrity Net worth Richest People in the World Registered Nurse Salary How Much Does Registered Nurses Make Comments. Google+, 3 June 2012. Web. 14 Oct. 2013.

The History of Aluminum

The History of Aluminum Aluminum is the thirteenth element on the periodic element and its in the thirteenth roll (Dynamic.) Aluminum was discovered by Hans Christian Oersted in 1825 in Denmark. Hans Christian Oersted born on August 14, 1777 in Langeland, Denmark. He became interested in Chemistry at age twelve while working at his fathers pharmacy. Not only was Oersted the first to extract aluminum from rocks, but he also discovered electromagnetism (Home.) The aluminum word derived from the Latin word alumen meaning alum. Aluminum is the most common metal found in Earths crust (Home.) They obtained it from ores a surface near the surface of the earth. At that time, aluminum was worth a lot of money and was more valuable than gold (Winter,M.) Aluminum is also found in the Earths crust, rocks, clay, soil, and vegetation. Hans-Christian was the first to produce nodules of aluminum by heating potassium amalgam with aluminum (AzoM,.) Hans Christian Oersted produced aluminum by reducing aluminum chloride with a potassium-mercury amalgam (Home.) This experiment was difficult to do because all naturally occurring aluminum exists in a bonded state with other alloys, elements, and substances, making it tricky to discovery and produce (How.) When aluminum was discovered, the Greek and Romans used it in making medicines and when dyeing fabrics. When it was first discovered, it was worth $1,200 per kilogram in the nineteenth century, thats more valuable than a bar of gold. Thats $28,383 in todays money (How.) When aluminum was worth more than gold, it was used for making jewelry and art objects. During this time, aluminum was considered an elite material. Aluminum was like the gold and silver of the 1850s. It was used to make many necklaces, bracelets, earrings, and silverware used for special guests. The process that allowed aluminum to be produced at low costs was called electrolysis. This technique ran dissolved aluminum ore through a bath of liquid while it was electrified. When the dissolved aluminum ore molecules were shocked, small gray nuggets were collected. Soon after this process became known, many factories were built for the purpose of isolating and selling aluminum. The United States went from producing a couple of ounces of aluminum per month to producing around fifty pounds of aluminum per day (Kean,S.) Today, aluminum isnt worth the same as gold or silver. Because it is now mass produced, the value of aluminum has drastically declined. Today, aluminum is used for basic things like soda cans, foils, kitchen utensils, and airplane parts (Google.) Aluminum foil is produced today by extracting impurities, like oxide, silica, titania, and water, then the aluminum oxide is melted and made into pure aluminum. After that, the pure aluminum is rolled into foil (Aluminum.) Works Cited AZoM, W. B. (2013, June 11). Aluminium, The History, Discovery and Development as a Product. Retrieved March 15, 2017, from http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1530 Dynamic Periodic Table. (2008, November 18). Retrieved March 16, 2017, from http://www.ptable.com/ Google. (2014, October 23). Retrieved March 16, 2017, from https://www.google.com/#q=what is aluminum used for today*spf=611 History of Aluminum. (2017, March 09). Retrieved March 15, 2017, from http://www.aluminum.org/aluminum-advantage/history-aluminum Home. (2009, May 03). Retrieved March 16, 2017, from https://www.famousscientists.org/hans-christian-oersted/ How did Hans Christian Oersted discover aluminum? (2013, October 13). Retrieved March 16, 2017, from https://www.reference.com/beauty-fashion/did-hans-christian-oersted-discover-aluminum-71fc26839514883c# Kean, S. (2010, July 30). Aluminum: It Used To Be More Precious Than Gold. Retrieved March 16, 2017, from http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/elements/features/2010/blogging_the_periodic_table/aluminum_it_used_to_be_more_precious_than_gold.html Winter, M. (2008, July 12). Aluminium: historical information. Retrieved March 15, 2017, from https://www.webelements.com/aluminium/history.html

Reasons for Returning to College Essay -- Personal Narrative, Admissi

Returning back to school was a very natural decision for me. It seemed to be the next logical step in my personal and career goals. My ultimate goal is to be happy and healthy and be a good provider and role model. With that set aside for now, my next goal is to be financially stable and able to provide for my family in ways that my family was not able to provide for me. I definitely expect to work for what I want and earn every bit of it. The most recent motivator was that my company was willing to contribute a huge chunk of the yearly tuition, therefore removing some financial burden. This makes me feel like they truly care about my future and they really want to see me succeed. I have several personal reasons for returning to school. I take my personal goals very seriously. Some might say that I am my own worst critic and I am very hard on myself. I simply feel that I can and will do better and I do not settle for anything but the best out of myself. Ultimately, I have to live with myself and the decisions I make on a daily basis for the rest of my life. I must fulfill my own personal goals otherwise I am not giving myself to others completely. I have very clear and specific personal goals. To begin, I want to be financially stable. By having my degree, I want to be able to get a better job through a promotion thus making more money. I want to be able to help my child pay for college so he doesn?t have to struggle as hard as I did to put myself through school. Plus, m...

How To Detail Your Car Essay -- essays research papers

How to successfully detail your car. When you buy a new car it comes to you spotless, washed, polished, and dressed. After a while the bright shine of amorall begins to fade and that showroom shine is no longer at show room condition. French fries begin to gather, straw wrappers appear, the ever-present coffee stain on the carpeting and even animal hair collects all which demolishes the clean appearance of your prized automobile. When owning a new car you need to know how to reestablish that beautiful finish. The first thing you should know when detailing a car is the importance of washing and polishing the cars exterior, then comes the dreadful interior, after that is the detailed cleaning that makes or breaks the cars appearance. First you must pick a perfect day to detail your car, the weather must be fair the sun should be blocked by the occasional cloud or two and for your comfort it should be mildly warm out. Pull the car up to a shaded area close to a long garden with water pressure to spare. Make sure the windows are closed, and then begin to pre-rinse the car to get any easily removed dirt off of the car, not doing this will result in scratching of the paint when washing with soap. Second you should later up a nice bucket of car wash and with a knotted hair glove thoroughly scrub every inch of the cars paint and windows. If some of the dirt or squashed bugs from fast highway travel get some bleach-white car cleaner and with a bug pad apply the cleaner directly to...

Nuclear Energy :: Essays Papers

Nuclear Energy It seems that the world as a whole is in search of an energy source that is cleaner, cheaper, and more efficient. This seems to be particularly true in the United States where the government seeks to separate themselves from their reliance on petroleum from countries including those in the Middle East. Their agenda, unfortunately, is less concerned with environmental issues than it is with issues of power, money, and dominance. Either way, nuclear energy has emerged as the forerunner for alternative energy sources. Today, there are 109 nuclear power plants in the United States which contribute roughly 20% of the power used in the United States(Nuclear Energy, April 13, 2005). Nuclear fission is performed by fusion of hydrogen into helium. This is done using uranium, plutonium, or thorium and placing them in the reactor, which start a chain reaction that can produce vast amounts of energy. Uranium is the element primarily used in reactors. The fission of a single atom can produce 10 million times the amount of energy that an atom can produce that is burned from coal. Uranium is an abundant element which is easily found and extracted. It often has to undergo a relatively cheap refining process, however, as the isotopes are found mixed in nature. Nuclear fission is also relatively clean, as there is no excess CO2 produced, as there is in the burning of coal and petroleum. It does, however, have is pollutants. The filtering rods used have to be changed every two years and the o ld rods disposed of. Because the rods are highly radioactive, their disposal must be dealt with meticulously. Currently most of the rods are shipped to Yucca Mountain (The Bane of Nuclear Energy, April 13, 2005). Despite the benefits of nuclear fission, the quest still continues for an even better energy source. The hopes of the new energy source are pinned on a process known as nuclear fusion. This is the process that takes place on the sun and other stars under intense heat and pressure. The hope is that nuclear fusion will become a reality here on earth as it will provide an unprecedented amount of energy very cheaply and with very little pollution.

Good for Another Essay

We were in our final year in secondary school, and we were asked to pay for WAEC and NECO fees. Some paid for WAEC only, some paid for NECO only, while some paid for both. Three weeks before the closing date, me and my friend went out for break, though it was prohibited to eat your breakfast in the class but me and Ada often eat there. That day, when we went into class, we were surprise to see one of our classmate; Sarah crying. We asked her why she was crying and she told us her parent cannot afford to pay for her WAEC or NECO fees. I was touched by the way she was crying and I promise her I would pay for her, I told her I would tell my parents and I was sure they will pay for her. Me and Ada told her to wipe her tears before the rest of the student came in from break. That day, when I reached home I told my mother about it and she promised to pay for her WAEC only, that she would give me the money in two days. We all graduated from secondary school and we all made our result and almost all of us furthered our education to Universities of various types. I lost contact with Ada and Sarah since then but, you know; Life have to go on. I was at the school cafà © one day when I saw Sarah, oh my God! I can’t believe I was seeing her, we were so happy to see each other again after our life in secondary school. We talked for so long, and through our chatting I discovered her Dad was now rich, and she was studying Law. We exchanged phone numbers and hostel Numbers. We became friends again. At the end of second semester in school, I went home only to find out my father was dead, he was hit by a bus the night before the day I came home. I wept, oh my God! I did not only wept because I lost my father, I also wept that my education might stop, I wept that all my years in school might be wasted. I wept that I fell sick and was admitted at the hospital for a week. A week after I was discharged from the hospital, I heard registration for next semester will be closing in one week. I told my mother, but she told me she cannot afford the fee. I was devastated, I was afraid that my greatest fear is coming to reality. I decided to go to Sarah for help, but to my greatest surprise, she told me she wanted to use the money she had for something else. It hurts me so much that I wept right in front of her. All she could tell me was she can’t give me the money. I wept home and told my mother what Sarah told me, she could not believe this, she could not believe this was the girl she helped some years back. She told me to wipe my tears, and that life goes on. I was dropped out of school and I started apprenticeship in a salon shop not far from our house. After two years, I invested my own salon and with more effort and the help and support of my mother, my shop grew up. My salon became one of the best of the well known salon. I was in my salon one day when Ada came in, I did not even notice her. I was busy working when I heard someone call my name, I turned and saw Ada, I shouted and hugged her. Oh Goodness, I was seeing Ada again after so many years. We chatted for a while and she told me she saw Sarah, she told me Sarah was dropped out of school and arrested by the Police, that she was caught with Cocaine. I told her what happened to me, how I was dropped out of school, she was surprise that Sarah could do such a thing to me, me of all people. I told her I was well over it, and Sarah deserved all that happened to her. Though I am successful in life but, I will never forget how I was dropped out of school. I may forgive Sarah but, I will never forget what she did to me.

Why We Shouldn’t Write Essays

For many students, writing essays are not exactly our number one choice. Unfortunately, writing essays in High School is like the fog in Daly City- it's inevitable. Writing essays in Science class on the other hand, is like a sunny day quickly covered by fog. It's somewhat expected, yet still disappointing, and surprising at the same time. We're most expected to write essays in our English class, so writing an essay in any other subject such as Science makes us hate writing essays even more. In general, writing essays interfere with our personal responsibilities, and our activities outside of school.The main problem students have with writing essays is not knowing how to manage their time well. Often times, we procrastinate because we choose to do other things instead. Given a 1-2 week time period to complete an essay seems like a lot of time until procrastination takes over. Writer's block, and distractions are a huge contribution to procrastinating as well. Sometimes you just don't know where to start when you write an essay, or your ideas and words may not flow together. You'll try over, and over again but it just doesn't sound right.As a result, you become discouraged and leave it to do â€Å"later. † Instead of trying to write your essay, you get distracted by your phone, favorite show, or computer. This easily makes â€Å"later† become the night before it's due, and by then we're struggling to cram in all of the other homework we have to do still. Nowadays, teacher's give so much homework. It's really important that we use our time wisely, or we won't finish what we need to get done on time. Doing an essay on top of homework can be very time consuming, and sometimes we just don't have the time.Some may say, â€Å"You have all the time in the World,† but in reality it's the time you have after school, and how you use that time. Most students in High School have after school activities such as Club meetings, sports, dance, etc. If you h ave practice 2-3 hours after school, by the time you get home you'll most likely be too tired and lazy to start, or finish your essay. Having a significant other requires you to dedicate your time to them, depending on how serious your relationship is. Dedicating all your time to our boyfriend, or girlfriend can be a huge distraction when you're writing an essay. For example, you may be constantly calling, or texting each other which won't benefit you at the end. By the time you're done talking to him/her, chances are you'd either say your essay for â€Å"later,† or not finish it at all. Maybe you're not the type to procrastinate, but you have committed to other responsibilities in addition to your school work such as babysitting your little brother, or household chores.This can make it difficult to complete an essay because you're trying to do too many things at once. If you pick up your sibling from school, still having to take bus home, you're not left with a lot of time o nce you get home to do everything you need to do. Washing the dishes is a common chore done by teenagers everyday which doesn't exactly take 5-10 minutes to do, especially with a big family. With that being said, the time taken out of when you do your homework can be very crucial. After writing many essays, you'd think it would only get easier, and sometimes it does.Other times, most times, it only gets harder. Writer's block can especially discourage students from writing an essay. This leads to distractions, which then turns into procrastination. For some, they might just not have the time due to other responsibilities, or activities. Writing an essay in a Science class doesn't appeal to many students simply because essays are expected in an English class. What we do expect, and are used to in a Science class are research papers, and worksheets.

How Does Stress Affect the Policing Community?

cjs210Write a 200- to 300-word response addressing the following questions: How does stress affect the policing community? Stress has many effects on the policing community as a whole. Officers may lose sleep over the stress and become fatigued which in turn causes them to lack on their duties, or delay their reaction time. Officers may also get so stressed that they go through a post traumatic disorder. Post traumatic disorder can cause officers nightmares, or worse they can wind up committing suicide.How does police culture support police officers in evolving job situations? Police culture support officers throughout the evolving job situations by protecting each other. Officers have a brotherhood and a closeness that no other career has because of the daily struggles they go through. Due to the fact that an officer’s job is so stressful they build a bond and become a family for one another to lean on. Being able for them to help each other is important because they know wha t the other one goes through and what they see on a daily basis.Without the support from fellow officers I feel that many may not be able to make it through being a police officer. What resources exist to help officers handle stress? Some departments have their own psychiatrists that are always there when an officer handles a call that may be too stressful. There are also other ways that they cope like with private therapists, or working out. Exercise helps some, but not all which is why there are experts that are more equipped to deal with the daily problems officers may have.

The company I would like to talk about is Starbucks

A company’s individual organizational structure is a formal composition of task and reporting relationships that allows the company to control, coordinate, and motivate employees so a common goal can be achieved (Bateman & Snell, 2009, p. 505). Starbucks last structure is a matrix structure to maximize communication. It was implemented in 2008 to strengthen partnerships, and improve customer service. Starbucks has 4 divisions within the U. S. Each division has its own supporting functions, which report to their own department and the division. The support functions are â€Å"designed to consolidate functional activities into teams that have a shared vision and goals to support the business† (Schultz, 2008, para. 10 ). Organization mission: Starbucks’ mission is to â€Å"inspire and nurture the human spirit— one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time†. (Starbucks, 2011, para. 7 ). Starbuck is commited to be good to people and the environment. They have implemented several programs to support communities and coffee farmers. They also make donations to African communities to help people living with HIV. Fiscal Policies: Starbucks has a very strong corporate social responsibility governance. All operations and reports are conformed to legal requirements enforced by the SEC and any other governmental agencies. Competition: â€Å"Today, with more than 15,000 stores in 50 countries, Starbucks is the premier roaster and retailer of specialty coffee in the world† (Starbucks, 2011, para. 7). Starbucks' biggest competitors are Mcdonald's, 7-Eleven, Dunkin Donuts, and Caribou Coffee. However, Starbucks has managed to stay ahead because of the unique quality of their coffee and their customer service. Economy: The 2008 restructure implementation has helped Starbucks to overcome the global economic crisis. â€Å"During this past fiscal year, revenues increased to a record $10. 7 billion. Operating income increased by $857 million from fi scal 2009 to $1. 4 billion† (Schultz, 2011, p. 3). Customer demands: Customers come to Starbucks for a unique coffee experience, personalized customer service. Globalization: Starbucks has stores in 50 different countries. Communication can be challenging when dealing with different cultures. Starbucks welcomes diversity. Starbucks believes that † by welcoming a diversity of people and ideas to our business, we create more opportunities for learning and success that benefit customers, partners (employees) and suppliers† (Starbucks, 2011, para. 5).

Anatole Broyard

Despite the fact that Anatole Broyard never did write that novel he was paid for, his life is that of a man of literature, and not only because he was a critic. Lucky are those who know for a fact that one's position in life is static and unchangeable, that they have a place in the scheme of life. As Broyard's life shows, those who deal every day with the construction of reality know very well the nature of this: it is an illusion. A mere construct, which depends mostly upon our own actions and words.But Broyard recognizes the awesome power of these constructs, and the fact that by the choice of construct is equivalent to the choice of destiny. Broyard's story is precisely the story of such a choice. His father first gave him the idea that social identity is only a matter of words, and the son picked up on this and made his own life into a work of fiction. It had been a long and tedious job, more so than writing any novel – but he succeeded with great effect.It seems to me tha t this happened in a large part because Broyard understood that if he did not want to live this lie, he would have to live a socially reinforced lie. He didn't want to be Black (and possibly Proud of It), but rather he just wanted to live. It is a very understandable desire: to be judged by the measure of one's skills and not by the topics one raises. The only other way to avoid this would be to find a different job, where one is judged not so much by the words one speaks but by one's actions – and yet this was not an option, as Broyard loved writing.In the case of a public person, of one who speaks for a living, to construct a different social identity was the only way out for someone who did not want to deal with the issue of minorities for the rest of his life. Naturally, it is the most ironic thing that when faced with a real topic to write, Broyard was unable to do it, because it would mean undoing the legend he had been writing all of his life.This is the point where he went from using his own construct to being trapped by it. A predictable fate, but not necessarily a bad one. The question, in the end, is one of priority. Broyard lived a life that was mostly free from outside stereotyping, much more so than if he had admitted his heritage. However, this cost him a great amount of psychological strain. It is difficult to call him a happy man – but possibly happier than if he chose any other road.

A)The Hurricanes Pauline on the cost of South Pacific is caused for Research Paper

A)The Hurricanes Pauline on the cost of South Pacific is caused for the climate changed or is human responsible( what causes and effects) - Research Paper Example Hurricane Pauline struck the south pacific coast on October 5 1997. The winds were at a speed of 135 miles per hour, enough to shatter everything that came in its path and take more than 200 lives in the process. Hurricane Pauline affected a large area of Mexico and dissipated on October 10 1997. While hurricanes are considered to have a history as old as the existence of this very world, their frequency has increased in the recent past, an important point for the rapidly growing world to give a thought to. Are we humans responsible for their increased frequency or is it just nature showing its wrath upon us. Many of the researchers and scientists have raised questions on the progress of the world and global warming. There have been debates concerning the relation of global warming and increased number of hurricanes than ever. Indeed some of the researchers have been able to prove that global warming has somewhat a role in this increased number of hurricanes and their disastrous effect. It has also been proposed and later proved that climate change has major role in the power dissipation of Atlantic system of hurricanes. These climate changes either natural or not have an important affect in the increased activity of hurricanes in the Atlantic region (Emanuel, 2007). It has also been told that human activities in the Atlantic area have been shown to cause detectable or undetectable changes that might have been leading to increased hurricane activity in that region. Hurricane Pauline that destroyed cities and took hundreds of lives was followed by Hurricane Katrina and many other in the later years specifically in areas where an annual rise in temperature was recorded showing the role of global warming directly and humans indirectly in causing hurricanes. To conclude, we humans have been progressing rather too rapidly, at a pace at which we might leave everything

My Sister's Keeper by Jodi Picoult Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

My Sister's Keeper by Jodi Picoult - Essay Example splays a character that is funny and thoughtful, as she is the only member in the family who seems to bring color and life to her family that has been immensely devastated by Kate’s illness. The first part of the novel reveals how Anna displayed her inquisitive nature. Unlike other kids who by and then accept the common notion that they were brought to earth because of their parents’ love for each other, Anna had asked the reason for her existence beyond the surface-level inquisition. She went on by saying that if outside creatures, such as an alien, see children in this world, they might assume that these kids were born out of a drinking spree or a mishap in the use of artificial birth control (Picoult 7). This lamentation is a no-nonsense gibberish for Anna because all her life, her existence was literally for a purpose. Her character is always inquisitive by asking, proving, and confirming the nature of her existence. With those questions, she was also able to formulate her own sensible answers. Furthermore, her inquisitive nature was also displayed many times in the book, particularly when she sought the help of Campbell Alexander, the lawyer she wished to de fend her on court. She was initially declined, but her inquisitive nature made their conversation going and eventually earned the approval of Alexander to serve as her lawyer. Anna Fitzgerald also displayed her impressive intelligence. This observation is evident when she effortlessly elaborated the cases that she thought would be related to her possible case. More importantly, her intelligence was seen in the entire book as she managed to bring to the court a family issue that has been overlooked by her parents due to their seemingly myopic view to Kate’s condition. Only Anna understood her role in the family. Her character was more of a legal fighter, and her intelligence to understand all aspects of her existence made her see things through the lenses. Anybody can rarely find such bold and

Organizational Justice and Human Resource Management Case Study

Organizational Justice and Human Resource Management - Case Study Example David gets attached to a larger group of 10 people and has difficulty in making his presence felt. Kate does a brief ethics blunder by wearing revealing and improper clothes to the workplace. This gives her instant attention from everyone. She is also reprimanded by the human resource representative on the advice of a senior male partner. On the other hand, David is trying to pull attention to him by putting in extra hours but feels that only the team leader is getting the credit for the entire job done. Both Kate and John share the same counselor, Tom, who is a senior manager in the company. While Tom discusses job problems and other work-related details with Kate, he only discusses sports and other unrelated topics with David. David finds it confusing but shows off his knowledge of sports in the hopes of impressing Tom and getting more interesting projects. Five years later both Kate and David have progressed in their jobs. After completing their CA they are engaged in other activities. Kate is interested in a charitable institution run by the company and devotes most of her free time in making contacts. She is reproved by her seniors for this who think that she could utilize her time in a more fruitful manner. But, Kate finds that her growing network of contacts due to the charity work is actually helping her with her job. She is getting insights and suggestions into areas in which she had no previous expertise. Hence, she is able to serve her clients in a better manner. On the other hand, one of David’s tasks includes training the new recruits. This is a job of responsibility. David fulfills his new role with pleasure. The only drawback is that the job cuts him off from everyone leaving his clients bewildered about his whereabouts. For his only selfish needs, David does not assign his client-oriented jobs to his colleagues thinking that they will receive the credit for something on which he had worked. Thus, he remai ns highly unreachable to everyone while on these training periods.

Describing myself in terms of the 5 factor model Essay

Describing myself in terms of the 5 factor model - Essay Example Each human being has different and unique personality traits. Psychologists usually take tests to find out the personality type. These tests contain a list of objective questions that find out the behavior, insight, opinion and reaction of human beings in different situations. It finds out the way human being differ with each other in their enduring emotional, interpersonal, experiential, motivational and attitudinal style. According to the answers provided in the test, a score is calculated for every personality dimension and seen in respect of general population. (McCrae & Oliver , 2006) I also took the IPIP Personality test online from http://www.personal.psu.edu/~j5j/IPIP and found out my results. Let's look at each of the five factor model according to my personality and then match my take on these with the results of the test. OPENNESS: Openness to experience relates to one's flexibility to new ideas and openness to change. It signifies that the person welcomes and accepts new ideas, experiences, people, thoughts and situations. People who are 'open to experience' usually appreciate arts, science, music, emotions, and adventure. They tend to be very imaginative, creative, and like to have a variety of different experiences. They are less conservative and stick more to traditional ways. They are usually suspicious about newer ideas and are not comfortable with abstract thoughts and ideas. I think I am slightly more 'open to experience' than general people. I love creativity and new experiences. Throughout my school life, I have been involved in various different experiences. I have participated in debates, I have studied psychology and have taken huge interest in studying business as well, I have been in sports and I am also into reading. This all combines to make me a person with diverse set of experiences. I am thrilled by newer ideas. Whenever I take up a project, I look for creative and out-of-the-box ideas. I believe that one thing can be done in seve ral ways and I always give it a try. I love to travel and go on adventures. Although I am a little afraid of heights but the idea of mountain climbing, hiking and adventurous sports thrill me. Sometimes I hold back due to fear but then I try to calm myself and give these things a go. It is because I love to have thrill and excitement in my life. My being openness to change however does not mean that I do not stay with my traditional values. I am a firm believer of my religion and I like sticking to rules. I like adventure and new ideas but only if they do not contradict with my beliefs. For example I like to have thrill in my life but I would never break rules to do so. I also enjoy the traditional events and festivals with the people around me. My Results: "My result for Openness to Experience is average, indicating that I enjoy tradition but are willing to try new things. My thinking is neither simple nor complex. To others I appear to be a well-educated person but not an intellec tual." My score is 41. The result signifies that I have an average Openness to experience or change. This is slightly different from what